Their Eyes Were Watching God And The Great Gatsby By F....

Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Great Gatsby are both novels which came out of a similar era and deal with similar themes but these novels also have their differences. Both Eyes and Gatsby deal with the issue of social class, and within that issue there is an issue of gender which shows how mostly the female characters are being oppressed. This oppression does not allow them to fulfill their dreams like the male characters which is a crucial point since these novels are also about self fulfillment. Eyes and Gatsby are both novels which show insight to the issue of gender, mostly its effects on female characters, and how that affects their journey to self fulfillment, but Eyes takes a more straightforward approach to the issue than Gatsby which allows the female characters in Eyes to achieve self fulfillment quickly and fully. While it can be seen there is a gender issue in Gatsby Fitzgerald sets it up in such a way that it is mostly overlooked compared to the other themes which are discussed. In the beginning of the novel Daisy and Jordan, two of the prominent female characters, are introduced as, â€Å"... two young women were buoyed up as though upon an anchored balloon.†(Fitzgerald 8). This quote does serve a purpose as an introduction and could almost be overlooked but it also shows readers that no matter how much Daisy and Jordan try and climb to higher dreams and opportunities they will always be anchored down. Another quote which shows how subtle the gender issue isShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald And Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston1348 Words   |  6 Pagesin The Great Gatsby and Their Eyes Were Watching God as they are exemplified by the relationships commented on by the authors. 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Eckleburg stare into the depths of each character, while the Doctor serves as a god of conscience from his middle ground between two worlds. As the creations of F. Scott Fitzgerald, the characters whose stories unwind before us live twisted webs of lives in which there is a distorted view of a greater force outside their worlds. Dr. Eckleburg merely watches over the greyRead MoreEssay on Symbols of The Great Gatsby 1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe 1920s were a time of big dreams, moral decline, and hardships in America . The Roaring Twenties were a different time altogether with its bootleggers and speakeasies, women becoming more independent, the poor becoming poorer, but through all this was The American Dream keeping the hope afloat. F. Scott Fitzgerald captured this era in his book, The Great Gatsby. Through his many symbols he illustrates the hopes, the forgotten God, and the oppressed Americans of the Twenties. The symbols inRead MoreSymbolism Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1060 Words   |  5 Pages Symbolism â€Å"The Great Gatsby† written by F. Scott Fitzgerald takes place during the roaring 20’s, an especially great time for the wealthy. Symbolism is used thoroughly throughout the book to allow us to see how differently people see things and how we are affected by certain things that are out of our control. The color green is used to make us aware of money, wealth, even the future such as the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock. Here it symbolizes the future that Gatsby hopes to resume withRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties By F. Scott Fitzgerald1263 Words   |  6 PagesTwenties were a time of leisure and parties. The media and events surrounding this time period greatly impacted the carefree, extravagant lifestyle. This era was one of the most dramatic and energetic times in American history. To many, the symbols of the roaring Twenties were F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife, due to their tales of the young and the wealthy (Hanson 96). The Roaring Twenties influenc ed many literary works, throughout the 1920s such as F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and ThisRead MoreA flourishing story of great wealth and compelling love strikes a chord when describing the900 Words   |  4 Pagesstory of great wealth and compelling love strikes a chord when describing the riveting novel of F. Scott Fitzgerald that is The Great Gatsby. Its narrative is of a searching man who goes by Nick Carraway, who moves to West Egg in New York to learn about the bond business. While there he recaps with his cousin Daisy and gets tangled in their ravishing upper class lives. What starts as an introduction to upper class socialites lives turned into a compelling love twist. Their Eyes are Watching God however

My Personal Leadership Model Of Leadership - 1480 Words

Introduction I believe that of any person with leadership skills has the potential in becoming a good leader. I also believe a person can lead if he or she has good core values views of the world. One core value from each level, including individual, between-people, organizational, and social, showing how individuals are acting towards the values others. These values help to complete my personal model of leadership, and how I conducted myself as a leader when I was in a leadership role (Smith, 2005). Individual In building my personal leadership model, to begin integrity is the most powerful value that I had when facing my team members. These qualities incorporate moral judgment, character, and honesty. Furthermore, when honest and good human quality wholeness or completeness of my individual values, deserving people s trust because of honesty, will set a new foundation for others who want to follow. In following through my qualities, but treating others is important to me, especially if they are my family members or team members. For me as a leader, I will always communicate with my team members and feel confident about any business decisions that I might make. And also integrate leadership model consisting of Conscious Leadership, self-awareness, team awareness and community-awareness ( Grayeb, 2014). Furthermore, my behaviors will set an example for my team members in reference to telling about my values to others. In addition, my team members willShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Leadership Model Of Leadership Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pageswith leadership skills has the potential in becoming a good leader. I also believe a person can lead if he or she has good core values view of the world. One core value from each level including individual, between-people, organizational, and social, showing how individuals are acting towards the values others. 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To serveRead MoreMy Personal Leadership Under The Vroom Yetton Normative Decision Model839 Words   |  4 PagesThe three areas of my personal leadership repertoire which are the weakest are consultative type II leadership, G roup-based Type 2 Leadership, and Autocratic Type 1 Leadership Consultative type II leadership under the Vroom-Yetton-Jago Normative Decision Model is something I should use more frequently. It mirrors the consultative type I style but deviates in the fact that followers are allowed to meet with each other. Often in my capacity I have clientele which could find great synergy on theirRead MorePersonal Model of Ethical Leadership1303 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Model of Ethical Leadership Personal Model of Ethical Leadership: Ethical leadership is an important aspect that should be practiced by all individuals in leadership positions despite of whether the leadership is intentional or unintentional, or formal or informal. 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First, based on a narrative review of the literature, a conceptual model is developed that organizes the current literature and models how leader traits and behaviors affect leadership effectiveness. Second, the relative validity is tested of select leader t raits and behaviors using a combinationRead MoreModule 7 : Leadership Development1528 Words   |  7 PagesMODULE 7: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT Leader development and leadership development is important from both a personal and an organizational aspect. (Hackman Johnson, 2013) states that, â€Å"Leader development promotes personal growth† and â€Å"Leadership development promotes organizational growth†. Leader development is an ongoing process that continues throughout life. Because leadership skills can be learned and/or developed, as you take on different leadership roles and other leadership opportunities

Imc Tools Used by Lux Free Essays

string(23) " beauty soap in India\." The great Indian brand wagon started nearly four decades ago. Great brands sometimes outlast their ambassadors as proven by Lux which celebrated its 75th anniversary in India. The first ambassador, Leela Chitnis featured in a Lux advertisement which flagged off the Lux wagon. We will write a custom essay sample on Imc Tools Used by Lux or any similar topic only for you Order Now She gave way to a galaxy of stars which includes Madhubala, Nargis, Meena Kumari, Mala Sinha, Sharmila Tagore, Waheeda Rehman, Saira Banu, Hema Malini, Zeenat Amaan, Juhi Chawla, Madhuri Dixit, Sridevi, Aishwarya Rai and Kareena Kapoor.The last frontier for most actors aspiring to stardom is becoming a Lux ambassador. The brand has outlasted many soaps. From the beginning, Lux became a household name across the country. Sales Promotion Sales promotion, a key ingredient in marketing campaigns, consists of a collection of incentive tools, mostly short term, designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. Whereas advertising offers a reason to buy, sales promotion offers an incentive to buy. Prominent Sales Promotion Schemes Used By LUXLux presented 30 gm gold each to the first three winners of the Lux Gold Star offer from Delhi. According to the promotional offer that Lux unveiled in October 2000, a consumer finding a 22-carat gold coin in his or her soap bar got an opportunity to win an additional 30 gm gold. The first 10 callers every week got a 30 gm gold each. The offer could be availed only on 100 gm and 150 gm packs of Lux soap. Lux Star Bano, Aish Karo contest: All one needed to do was buy a special promotional pack of Lux soap. The pack comes with a special scratch card.The 50 lucky winners and their spouses were flown down to Mumbai to live a day like Aishwarya Rai would. They could also be given gift vouchers worth Rs 50,000 from Shoppers’ Stop along with an exclusively designed Neeta Lulla sari and a beauty makeover by Michelle Tung, Aishwarya’s preferred designer and stylist. The piece de resistance was a dinner date with Aishwarya Rai herself. Lux celebrated 75 years of stardom with the Har Star Lucky Star activity. All wrappers of Lux had a star printed inside them. If the consumer found written inside the star, any number from ? 1 to ? , she would get an equivalent discount (in rupees) on her purchase from her shopkeeper. If the consumer found ? 75 years? written inside the star, she will get a year‘s supply of Lux free. Public Relations Not only must the company relate constructively to customers, suppliers and dealers, it must also relate to a large number of interested publics. A public is any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on a company‘s ability to achieve its objectives. PR involves a variety of programs designed to promote or protect a company‘s image or its individual productsLUX PR Activities Press relations: Lux has been maintaining constant communicating with its customers and potential customers, of the various developments taking place in the brand by using press relations. Events: Lux celebrated 75 years of existence in a grand way b y unveiling Shahrukh Khan as their latest brand ambassador. Kareena Kapoor, Juhi Chawla, Sridevi and Hema Malini graced the event and made it special. All the stars have endorsed Lux in the past. The event was held at the grand Intercontinental in Mumbai. Limited edition:Coming up with limited edition of the brand is also a way of attracting attention towards the brand. It creates a buzz and a feeling of urgency to try out the product and helps in promotion of the brand. This strategy was also implemented by Lux by bringing out limited editions like Chocolate Seduction, Aromatic Glow, Festive Glow and Haute Pink. Labelling: The LUX Trade Character or Logo is present prominently on the package. A novel metallic substrate packaging showcases the ingredients, and a female model is shown on the pack.Also displayed graphically are the key ingredients. Packaging: The colors are different for different variants such as saffron for the saffron variant, pink for the rose extracts etc. The Bars come in package sizes of 100g, 120g, 150 g . Lux has also launched a 45 g variant called Mini Lux priced at Rs. 5. Point of Purchases: The LUX is not given a notable placement on the shelves of different retail shops departmental stores for its sales promotion. Usually the company goes for wide display in the stores where it potential for its product.Different eye-catching decorations are made inside the store and in the showcase for outside display. These arrangements are made with the assistance of the sales people of the company. Advertisements: The message that the product reflects in its advertisements is the one that is usually narrated by the corporate itself. Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor. Ads can be a cost effective way to disseminate messages, whether to build a brand preference or to educate people.USP or the common thread through all the advertisements is the Presence of Movie Stars through the ages. The product has been positioned on the basis of REFERENCE GROUP by using a celebrity popular at that point in time. Some amount of attribute positioning by mentioning the various ingredients has also been done. Lux campaigns have wooed millions of people over the decades. Popularly known as the beauty soap of film stars, Lux has been an intimate partner of the brightest stars on the silver screen for decades.An ode to their beauty, an announcer of their stardom, advertising campaigns on Lux have featured film stars across the nation, promising their beauty and complexion to ordinary women. With top movie stars– from Madhubala to Madhuri, from Babita to Karisma and Kareena having endorsed the goodness of Lux over generations, it was natural that the brand has built equity as the best beauty soap in India. You read "Imc Tools Used by Lux" in category "Papers" From the beginning Lux, by using a leading film star of the time, has fulfilled the consumers aspirations of using beaut y soaps via the rationale â€Å"if it‘s good enough for a film star, it‘s good for me†. Change in communication strategy However, the communication was slowly seen to be losing relevance, as consumers were beginning to question if the film star actually used the brand. In addition to this, several competitive beauty soap brands had begun advertising using similar methods of communication. In this context, the global brand team for Lux developed a new communication strategy. This strategy– bring out the star in you– for the first time moved the brand away from the long-running film star route. The film star still eatures in the new communication but not as her gorgeous self but rather as an alter ego/projection of the protagonist (a regular girl), for a few seconds of the entire ad. Thus, for the first time the film star was used as a communication device and not as the main feature of the ad. The move away from the film star and her fantasy world to a regular Lux user, with the focus on the protagonist‘s star quality, is a change from the norms set b y Lux advertising in the past. With the new communication strategy, the film star is used purely as a communication device to portray star quality in every Lux user.This can be significantly seen in the latest TV commercial of Lux Crystal Shine where Priyanka Chopra is portrayed as a normal woman This idea– bring out the star in you – puts the consumer at the heart of the brands‘ promise. This promise goes beyond the functional deliverables of soap, beyond bathing and the bathroom to the world outside. It‘s a world where with Lux on her side, an ordinary woman can impact her world with her own star quality. This is a successful attempt to bring the brand closer to its users and to give it a more youthful and contemporary image. Selection of Media:There are number of Sources available for passing the product message. These are as follows: * Television * Outdoor (Billboards) * Magzanies * Newapaper * Brochure * Internet Celebrity endorsements Hollywood Since the 1930s, many well-known Holl ywood actresses have marketed the soap to women as a beauty enhancer. Advertisements have featured Dorothy Lamour, Joan Crawford, Laurette Luez, Judy Garland, Cheryl Ladd, Jennifer Lopez, Elizabeth Taylor, Demi Moore, Sarah Jessica Parker, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Rachel Weisz, Anne Hathaway, and Marilyn Monroe, among others.The first male to star in a Lux advertisement was Hollywood actor Paul Newman Bollywood Today, the brand is still heavily advertised in India using Bollywood stars. Madhubala,Mala Sinha, Hema Malini, Sridevi, Madhuri Dixit, Juhi Chawla, Karisma Kapoor, Rani Mukerji, Aishwarya Rai, Amisha Patel, Kareena Kapoor and Tabu have all been past brand ambassadors. Priyanka Chopra is the present brand ambassador of Lux. In India Shahrukh Khan was the first male in a Lux advertisement.Public Relations: In order to build healthy relations with the consumers, the company has established a consumer department to manage the complaints of the end-users. A legal department is also dealing with the legal issues and media war. If any news is published in a newspaper that harms the product image, a persuasive message is published in that newspaper to counter the rumor. Sponsoring Events: The company goes for sponsoring events in order to heighten the company and brand image.Mostly the company goes for financing such kind of events in which its product has got some room to build likeness. The company also goes for sponsoring fashion shows in different cities. Distribution: LUX goes for indirect channel of distribution. The hierarchy of the distribution channel is as follows * Manufacturer * Distributor * Retailer * Consumer The distribution strategy pursued by the Unilever is intensive. It means that the product distribution is covering wide market. There are regional headquarters of the company in all the big cities of the country.There is a distributor in each big city. In order to reach remote areas, a distributor engages a sub-distributor for a small area. The company is directly linked with the main distributor and the sub-distributor has no such direct contact with the company. The company provides the Life Buoy inventory to the main distributor that is further dispatched to retailers and sub-distributors. There is a regional manager of Unilever that employs Area Sales Manager for a specific area then comes the Territory Sales Officer (TSO).TSO is directly linked with the distributors to set and achieve targets. The targets vary from area to area and are set on the basis of history of the area sales. As the sales targets depend upon the area history of sales; these are usually achievable. If these targets are facing some kind of setback, the promotional schemes based on areas are announced as discussed earlier. Advertisements: The message that the product reflects in its advertisements is the one that is usually narrated by the corporate itself.Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor. Ads can be a cost effective way to disseminate messages, whether to build a brand preference or to educate people. CONCLUSION Lux is the largest personal wash brand in the country with a value share of 17%. Three in every five Indian consumers enjoy the luxurious bathing pleasure of Lux during the course of a year. This strong association with consumers has led to Lux becoming one of the most trusted brands in the country.Lux has retained its leadership status by strongly differentiating itself – no soap brand can claim to be more aspirational for the Indian consumer than Lux – ‘the beauty soap of film stars’. The last three years have seen Lux continue to grow far ahead of the market. It has gained close to 4% share in this period. A key initiative that has fuelled this growth has been the launch of Mini Lux – strategically priced at Rs. 5 to bring it within the reach of 300 million rural consumers. The introduction of new perfume and ingredient variants, addressing new benefit segments, has been the other growth driver. How to cite Imc Tools Used by Lux, Papers

Fundamental Financial Accounting Concepts -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Fundamental Financial Accounting Concepts? Answer: Introduction Trial balance is the accounting report or bookkeeping that records the balances in each general ledger of the company. The credit balances are recorded in a column with the name as credit balance and the debit balances are recorded in another column that is named as credit balance. If total debit side of the trial balance does not match with the credit side there must have been some errors included (Edwards 2013). On the other hand, the adjusting entries are used for correcting the errors and shall be completed prior to the issuance of the financial statement of the company. Trial balance and its purpose Trial balance can be defined as the statement of the balances that is extracted from various economics of ledger for testing the arithmetical exactness of the account books. The trial balance has 2 sides debit side and credit sides. It is the accounting report or bookkeeping that records the balances in each general ledger of the company (Lee 2014). The credit balances are recorded in a column with the name as credit balance and the debit balances are recorded in another column that is named as credit balance. However, the summation of each of this column shall be same as other. Within the accounting period the trial balance can be prepared at anytime. However, it is not the part of double entry method of accounting but is prepared to check the posting accuracy. Under the manual process the trial balance is generally prepared by the accountant for discovering whether any error exists there on account of clerical mistake or calculation mistake (Year 2017). Trial balance is very crucial for the purpose of accounting and auditing. It is used to reveal the following The account balance of the general ledger prior to the adjustments All the balances after adjustments Details adjustments Preparation of trial balance for the company helps to detect the calculation errors that may have taken place under the double entry system of accounting. If total debit side of the trial balance does not match with the credit side there must have been some errors included. The reason may be the transactions have been wrongly classified or material errors related to accounts that may not have been detected in the trial balance procedure. The trial balance ensures That all transactions are recorded with same credit and debit balances Through identification of errors in books of accounts it assists in correcting the errors before preparing the final accounts (Wahlen, Baginski and Bradshaw 2014) It makes preparation of balance sheet, profit and loss account and trading account easy through making all the accounting balances available at single place. Adjustment journal entries and purpose of recording adjustment journal entries The adjustment journal entries are the accounting entries that are made under the journal accounts of the company at the closing of financial period. These entries allocate the expenses and income to actual period under which the expenses or incomes take place (Henderson et al. 2015). It follows the principle of revenue recognition in the accrual method of accounting as against the time of receiving the payment or under the cash method of accounting. The adjusting journal entries are prepared for allocating Unearned revenue from the prepayment receipt to the period under which it is actually earned. Prepayment of the expense to period while the expenses are actually incurred Accrued revenue that is earned but to be received later to period in which it is earned Accrued expenses that will be paid later to period while the expenses are actually incurred (Apostolou et al. 2013). The adjusting entries are further used for correcting the errors and shall be completed prior to the issuance of the financial statement of the company. Generally it includes the scenarios when When as per the company policy something like fixed asset is booked under the capital account but it should have been booked under the expenses account like the supplies expenses Any entry that is made under the accounting records of the company, however, the amount is required to move under the period in which the expenses actually incurred or the revenue is actually earned or segregated among 2 or more than 2 accounting periods. No entries are recorded in the accounting records of the company for few revenues and expenses however, the expenses or the revenues took place in that period and shall be include in the balance sheet and income statement of that period (Weil, Schipper and Francis 2013). Purpose of preparing the adjusted trial balance The extended trial balance or the adjusted trial balance is the working paper that is used as the basis for the preparation of statement of financial position and income statement at closing of financial period. It records the same as the name suggests. It is used to bring the ledger balances together in trial balance form and adding the columns thereafter for recording the corrections and adjustments. For the adjusting trial balance, the adjustment column, statement of financial statement and profit and loss column is added. Before preparing the financial statement the accounting balances shall be verified to ensure that the credit balance and the debit balances are same (Edmonds et al. 2013). This is done through preparation of trial balance, listing all the accounts that include revenue, liabilities, equity and expenses. Thereafter each column is summed up and if 2 columns do not matched there must be some errors. In case of accrual accounting method, the revenues are recorded while it is earned and not when it is paid. In the same way, the expenses are recorded at time when it is incurred and not when it is paid. Therefore, before closing of the accounting period the adjusting entries are recorded to make the accounts up to date (Needles, Powers and Crosson 2013). The reason behind preparing the adjusted trial balance is for assuring that adjusting entries are recorded appropriately. Preparing the adjusted trial balance is the last step before the preparation of financial statements that is used by the company, its creditors, investors, shareholders and auditors for measuring the performance of the business. If wrong balances are entered in the financial statement the statement will be inaccurate. Difference between adjusting journal entries and closing journal entries Adjusting entries are recorded at the closing of each accounting period and prior to preparation of the financial statement for recording the accounting transactions and making the financial statement up to date while the accrual method of accounting is followed (Edwards 2013). For instance, every day the firm incurs the expenses related to salaries of employees. However, the salaries under payroll for the last day of the month will not be recorded till the end of the period. Other entries for adjustment involves amount that are paid by the company prior to the amount actually turning into expenses. For instance, the company made the payment towards insurance premiums for 3 months even before the start of these 3 months. Further, the expenses may be deferred through recording of the amount under the asset account (Warren and Jones 2018). On the contrary, the closing entries are recorded on the last day of accounting period. However, they are entered in accounts after preparation of financial statement. For most of the part the closing entries includes the accounts related to income statement. The closing entries record the balances from all the expense accounts and revenue accounts to zero (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). This states that the expenses and revenues will start in the New Year with no balance which in turn will allow the company to report the expenses and revenues easily. Further, the net amount from all the balances from expenses and revenue accounts at the closing of the period will recorded as retained earnings for the companies and owners equity for the sole proprietorship. Conclusion From the above, it can be concluded that the Trial balance is very crucial for the purpose of accounting and auditing. It helps in preparation of balance sheet, profit and loss account and trading account easy through making all the accounting balances available at single place. The adjusted trial balance is used to bring the ledger balances together in trial balance form and adding the columns thereafter for recording the corrections and adjustments. The main difference of adjusting journal entries with the closing balance is that the closing entries record the balances from all the expense accounts and revenue accounts to zero. Reference Apostolou, B., Dorminey, J.W., Hassell, J.M. and Watson, S.F., 2013. Accounting education literature review (20102012).Journal of Accounting Education,31(2), pp.107-161. Edmonds, T.P., McNair, F.M., Olds, P.R. and Milam, E.E., 2013.Fundamental financial accounting concepts. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Edwards, J.R., 2013.A history of financial accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lee, T.A., 2014.Evolution of Corporate Financial Reporting (RLE Accounting). Routledge. Needles, B.E., Powers, M. and Crosson, S.V., 2013.Financial and managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Wahlen, J., Baginski, S. and Bradshaw, M., 2014.Financial reporting, financial statement analysis and valuation. Nelson Education. Warren, C.S. and Jones, J., 2018.Corporate financial accounting. Cengage Learning. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013.Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial managerial accounting. John Wiley Sons. Year, B.C.S., 2017. Advanced accounting.Journal Entries in the books of Company,12, pp.12-750.

Analysis of Profitability, Liquidity and Performance Essay Example

Analysis of Profitability, Liquidity and Performance Paper Analysis of profitability, liquidity and performance The profit of a business is the difference between its revenues and its costs. It is important to consider two main types of profit: 1. Gross profit this is calculated by deducting the cost of sales of a business from its sales revenue (turnover). 2. Operating profit is calculated by then taking away overhead expenses from gross profit. Given the above figures it is possible to analyse the profitability of Better Hotels Plc in the two years. To do this we need to calculate how much of every pound spent by customers in the hotels is profit. This is calculated in the following way: 1. Gross profit % (i. e. how many pence in each ? 1 of customer spending is profit). This is calculated by: For Better Hotels in 2004 this is: For Better Hotels in 2005 this is: The profit margin i. e. operating profit % is calculated by: For Better Hotels in 2004 this is: For Better Hotels in 2005 this is: By examining the profit figures you can see that Better Hotels is more profitable in 2005 than it was in 2004. Gross profit % has gone up from 60% to 75%, and Operating profit % has increased from 30% to 40%. Profitability Using these profitability calculations you are able to compare business profits in one year compared with others, and also compare the profitability of different businesses. Another important measure of how well a business is being run is how liquid it is. To do this you need to look at the current assets and current liabilities in the balance sheet. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Profitability, Liquidity and Performance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Profitability, Liquidity and Performance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Profitability, Liquidity and Performance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The following shows part of the balance sheet for Better Hotels in 2004 and 2005: Extract from Balance Sheet 31st Dec 2004 by examining the two balance sheets it is possible to see that in 2005, Better Hotels has a more liquid assets relative to current liabilities. In 2004 the ratio of current assets to current liabilities was: 80:40 (i. e. ?2 for every ? 1) In 2005 the ratio was: 90:40 (i. e. ?2. 50 for every ? 1) It is important for businesses to have a good liquidity position because, should people that the business owes money to (current liabilities) press for payment it is essential to have the liquidity to pay up. A liquid asset is one that can quickly be turned into cash. Working capital We use the term working capital to describe the difference between current assets and current liabilities. A business has working capital if its current assets are greater than its current liabilities. Working capital is required for the day-to-day running of a business paying bills, wages etc. A business performs well when it has: *high and rising sales *high and rising profits *good control over its costs *a good liquidity/working capital position.

Brothers And Sisters Of Disabled Children Social Work Essay Essay Example

Brothers And Sisters Of Disabled Children Social Work Essay Essay Example Brothers And Sisters Of Disabled Children Social Work Essay Essay Brothers And Sisters Of Disabled Children Social Work Essay Essay Burke s article is unable to originate alteration in policy and pattern since his literature is based around his ain experiences and values. The findings are chiefly experiences from the parents and the cognition of disablement by association is limited. Burke overlooks what professional intercessions are better suited to back up siblings. For case, a UK voluntary service A Topographic point to name our ain provides households of handicapped kids with enlightening advice and runs sibling support groups ( Harris, 2008 ) . Parents believe siblings demands can be met by openly discoursing their sibling s status with a professional ( Conners A ; Stalker, 2003 ) . Meryer and Vadasy ( 1994 ) believe its bureaus duty for professionals to supply up to day of the month information sing their sibling s disablement. Siblings engaging in support groups is a signifier of early intercession to discourse their feelings and to portion their experiences. Burke does non inform us of the important function support groups help to authorise and back up parents and siblings ( Strohm, 2008 ) .Siblings are helped through relaxation Sessionss, out-of-door activities and have aid with prep ( DArcy et al,2005 ) .Although sharing experiences through support groups may non be suited for all children.Invididual guidance such as familial guidance or household therapy possibly more curative ( Conners and Stalker, 2003 ) . Families experiencing stray and pull offing entirely was prevailing in Burke s decision. An advocator or a keyworker could keep close contact with the household and arrange services to back up their demands ( Harris,2008 ) . Burke research of disablement by association is limited to better patterns, nevertheless the of import function siblings contribute within their households needs to be adhere to in bureaus agendas ( Meyer and Vadasy, Sibshops ) .For case, Aiming High for Disabled Children: Better Support for Families is a authorities transmutation programme.to guarantee services accommodate siblings demands through early intercession and for handicapped kids and their households to be empowered and supported to led normal lives ( AHDC,2007 ) . Decision about the value of the article Burke s article raises consciousness of disablement by association but provides no sufficient value to implement alterations in societal policy today. His research is really much ego reflecting and does non propose any farther solutions for back uping siblings of handicapped kids.

Segmentation and Target Market Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Segmentation and Target Market Paper - Essay Example Per year it is selling around 10 billion energy drinks. To increase the profitability of the company and to expand its customer base Monster Energy is presently targeting young adults and teenagers for selling its products. The energy drinks and juices of this company contain different ingredients like caffeine, herbal extracts, taurine, and vitamins B. Monster energy produces such energy drink which falls into the category of functional beverages. The company Monster Energy supports many sports activities and events like BMX, skateboarding, eSports, snowboarding etc. The firm promotes many music brands like The World Alive, Shinedown, Asking Alexandria, Maximum the Hormone etc around the world. Monster Energy drink has become very popular in different countries of the world. In the present time the company has expand its market which helped to expand its customer base and increase its target market. Earlier Monster Energy sold its product only in United States. At that time Athletes were its primary customer. Then all its energy drink was sold to a particular group of people having specific interest. But in the present time lifestyle of people have changed a lot. Many people are consuming different types of energy drinks and health drinks as their daily food products. This is one of the important reasons of expanding the market of Monster energy by targeting new customers. The company is presently targeting young teenagers around 20- 28 years. Both of male and female genders are included in this firm’s target market. The products of Monster Energy drink are previously targeted to male people. But now a day’s its products are also targeted to female customers. The organization’s target market comprises of the customers who are belonging from middle class and upper class of the society. They are having sufficient income to afford the products of Monster Energy Company. Its target market also

Phantom of the opera Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Phantom of the opera - Essay Example In the book, the Phantom is described as a ghostly figure that did not have a nose and had a dressing resembling that of an undertaker. In addition, in the book, he is described as a very thin person, in fact a comparison is made to a skeleton. The Phantom possesses an ugly yellow skin, together with deep set eyes that glow in the dark (Leroux 13). The book denotes the Phantom to have been having 3-4 long black hairs which hung down from his forehead. In addition, the books describe the Phantom as having a head that constantly changed at will. In comparison to the movie, the Phantom is seen as a seemingly genuine and caring person. In contrast to the book, the movie brings out the Phantom as not that scaring and demon like (Joel). In addition, instead of a disfigured person, in the movie, the Phantom is seen as handsome shaped man that wore a beautiful white mask. In regard to the lair, in the book, it is described as being a dark area except for some area on the floor which had a shaded lantern. The lantern in the book shines on a gushing fountain set positioned in the wall (Leroux 19). The wall had water splashing down it, and the water disappeared under the floor. Furthermore, it also had black demons that stirred fires in the book. It is described as having a nightmarish darkness, including tapestries on furniture, walls, vases, candlesticks and flowers (Leroux 21). In the book, Daae is seen as seen to be in a chaise lounge, which is a simple bedroom that contained a mahogany bed plus cretonne hangings existing on its walls. In the book, the room basically looked like a funeral room. In comparison to the lair in the movie, it is portrayed as a beautiful place. The walls of the lair in the movie are seen as gray, though had candles placed everywhere that cast glow on the existing brick (Joel). In addition, the antique candlesticks plus the candelabras had been placed everywhere, books placed all around, silk curtains draped about, plus also had the art

Strengths Weaknesses And Changes Required At Ucell Essay

Strengths Weaknesses And Changes Required At Ucell - Essay Example One of the things that need to be done is affecting of changes in Ucell’s organizational structure in a manner that best serves the organization. Organization structure is the manner in which an organization arranges jobs and people in order for its work to be performed, as well as for its goals to be accomplished (Stonehouse & Houston, 2012: p34). In cases where the working group is small with frequent face-to-face communication that is frequent and where the formal structure is not necessary. However, in cases where the organization is larger, such as in Ucell’s case, decisions in the organization will have to be made concerning the delegation of tasks. Therefore, procedures are established to assign responsibility for the organization’s functions (Stonehouse & Houston, 2012: p35). These decisions are the ones that will determine the changes in the organizations’ structure.  One way to change the organizational structure would be through departmentaliz ation. Functional departmentalization involves the grouping of services that use similar resources, skills, and knowledge. The organization is based in most parts of the country and geographical departmentalization would aid in the restructuring of the company (Stonehouse & Houston, 2012: p37). In this case, would reap advantages by organizing their operations along geographic lines such that all activities that are performed in one region can be managed together. It would also be advantageous to carry out service departmentalization where activities, which are necessary for the production and marketing of similar services or single services, are grouped together. This would allow for considerable autonomy over the company’s operations, as CEO. In this case, the employees in the group are able to focus on needs of their line of services and become experts in distribution, development, and production. Departmentalization would also be done according to clients and markets.

Effect of Creatine Supplementation

Effect of Creatine Supplementation Abstract Introduction The use of creatine supplements as an aid to enhance performance in sports shot to prominence after it was revealed that the British Olympic team had used said nutritional supplements in the build up to the Barcelona games of 1992. The Times (7 August 1992) reported that high profile athletes such as Linford Christie and Sally Gunnell had won gold medals while using creatine during their preparation. Although sometimes viewed as controversial by sections of the sporting community, creatine as a nutritional supplement is perfectly legal and its use is encouraged by certain sporting institutions. An example of this dilemma is within the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association), whereby the distribution of creatine by team coaches is banned but individual athletes are still allowed to procure the supplement themselves, although the Athletic Management journal, among others, postulates that this was done in order to level the playing field rather than as a result of a side effect discovery (NCAA clamps down on supplements, 2000: 12.5). Creatine is a naturally occurring substance found mainly in meat and fish {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }} that was first isolated in skeletal muscle by Michel-Eugà ¨ne Chevreul in 1832 and given its name from the derivation of the Greek word for flesh, Kreas. Twelve years later, the German scientist Justus von Liebig theorised that this compound was necessary to produce muscular action in vertebrates after observing foxes in the wild and comparing their creatine levels to those in captivity. He even went as far as to harvest his own supply of creatine from the foxes and marketed it as Fleisch Extrakt, proclaiming that it would allow the body to do more work and for over a century this was the only creatine supplement ever produced. It has been established by the scientific community that increased ingestion of creatine as a dietary supplement will lead to an increase in the total creatine (TC) and phosphocreatine (PC) concentrations in skeletal muscle {{10 Finn,J.P. 2001;11 Harris,R.C. 1992; 14 Greenhaff,P.L. 1994; }}. PC is simply the phosphorylated form of creatine that is found mainly in skeletal muscle which is utilized during high-intesity exercise to quickly replace the diminished adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }}. This is achieved through the actions of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) which is found in high concentrations in muscles, allowing for swift replenishment of ATP despite the rising levels of intracellular adenosine diphosphate (ADP) that occurs during exercise {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }}. Ergo increasing the bodies creatine stores should result in an improved ability to regenerate the skeletal muscle fibres ATP stores and consequently lead to improved performance a nd delayed onset of fatigue during bouts of high-intensity exercise (Hargreaves, M. 2006). The aim of this paper is to review the current literature regarding creatines supposed beneficial effect on muscle performance and determine what is the optimal method of delivering the supplement to the skeletal muscle. Since creatine became fashionable in the mid 1990s, numerous sports supplement companies have been researching how it can best be administered into the body, with regards to dose size, timing and the different forms of creatine now available. Other factors need to be considered such as potential side effects and certain population groups who may be at risk when using creatine. The general consensus is that it does work as an ergogenic aid; defined by Leuthholtz and Kreider (2001) as a technique or practice that serves to increase performance capacity, the efficiency to perform work, the ability to recover from exercise, and/or the quality of training thereby promoting greater training adaptations. Another aim of this paper is to examine the mechanisms behind creatine s beneficial effects and where these improvements take place i.e. specific muscle fibre types. It is also important to consider what is meant by improvement; does it mean performance in specific exercises or just in muscle development in general? Are there particular sports events where the improvements are marked and easily noticeable? The two enzymes required for de novo (endogenous) synthesis of creatine in humans, transamidinase and methyltransferase, are found in the kidneys, pancreas and liver {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. Therefore creatine needs to be transported via the bloodstream to the muscles where it is needed and it has been found that the normal range of creatine concentration within plasma is between 50 and 100  µmol/L {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. To determine the total amount of creatine in the body, the levels of both the free form (FC) and phosporylated forms need to be combined. The present day analysis is that for a man of 70kg, his TC will amount to approximately 120g, with a turnover (of creatine to creatinine, the break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle) estimated at about 1.6% per day {{19 HOBERMAN,H.D. 1948; }}. This equates to about 2g in an average male, which is replaced by both endogenous and exogenous sources, the latter coming mainly from meat and fish as mentioned earlier, w ith herring being a particularly good example {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. In 1986, Hoogwerf et al calculated that the average creatine intake in a mixed diet was 1g per day so the remaining gram has to be made up by endogenous synthesis, while those individuals whose diet lacks creatine completely due to insufficient animal produce intake, such as vegetarians or vegans, will have to make up their daily intake entirely through endogenous means {{21 Delanghe,J. 1989; }}. In terms of distribution, skeletal muscle is home to 95% of the TC found in the body, two-thirds of which is in the phosphorylated form {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. The remaining 5% is found mostly in the brain, heart and testes. Ageing appears to have no effect on the total amount of TC found within skeletal muscles, but levels of PC were found to be lower in untrained elderly individuals compared to their younger counterparts, while FC was found in higher concentrations in the elderly cohort {{22 Moller,P. 1982; }}. A subsequent training study by Moller and co-workers revealed that once the elderly individuals had undertaken some basic exercise, their FC and PC levels more closely resembled those of the younger group. This points to a conclusion that inactivity will result in the dephosphorylation of creatine, a process that can easily be reversed by a return to training. A 1989 study by Tesch et al showed that type II muscle fibres have higher concentrations of PC than their type I counterparts, during resting state. These findings are to be expected since the anaerobic type II fibres use PC as their major storage fuel so that ATP can be generated quickly, as opposed to the type I slow twitch fibres that primarily use triglycerides as their main source of fuel. Before exploring creatines proposed effects on muscle performance and development, it is important to consider how its ingestion actually influences the bodies stores. In 1992 Harris et al showed that ingesting 5g of creatine monohydrate resulted in the elevation of the level of creatine in plasma, one hour later, from 50-100  µmol/L to over 500  µmol/L. Unfortunately the only research conducted that has uncovered the mechanism behind creatines transport from bloodstream into muscle was done in rats {{27 Fitch,C.D. 1966; }}. It was found that the intracellular trapping of creatine and a saturable process allowed for transport of the compound from the bloodstream across to the muscle and explained the high creatine content of the skeletal muscle. Perhaps surprisingly, this is still the most we know about this particular mechanism after over 40 years and is definitely an area that is prime for future research. Creatine monohydrate versus creatine ethyl ester While creatine monohydrates (CM) use is widespread, creatine ethyl ester (CEE) is less well known in the public domain. Manufacturers of the latter claim it is more readily absorbed into the body due to being more lipophilic and therefore having a longer half-life once ingested. It is converted back into creatine once digested as it is an ethyl ester derivative of creatine, specifically developed by the University of Nebraska Medical Centres technology transfer entity, UNeMed. The claims of the various manufacturers of this specific type of creatine were disputed by a study by Child and Tallon that was presented at the International Society of Sports Nutrition 4th annual meeting. They had found that CEE was quickly broken down into creatinine due in part to the decreased acid stability caused by the addition of the ethyl group (Child Tallon 2007). The proposed beneficial benefits of the two varieties will be discussed in length later on. Effect on body mass In 1975, Ingwall et al hypothesized that creatine could stimulate both cardiac and skeletal muscle into a state of hypertrophy by myofibrillar protein synthesis. In vitro and in vivo skeletal muscle had increased synthesis of the contractile proteins actin and myosin as well as the muscle specific iso-enzyme creatine phosphokinase, all of which were due to creatines selectivity. With the increased accumulation of these myofibrillar proteins, skeletal muscle went into a state of hypertrophy. This study is considered as the initial groundbreaking research into the methods behind creatines effect and a lot of the subsequent papers mentioned in this piece reference it extensively. Ingwall followed this initial study up a year later {{16 Ingwall,J.S. 1976; }} with a paper on creatines effect as a potential chemical signal that links increased muscular activity with increased contractile mass. An important factor to note is that this paper is not referring to creatine as a dietary supplement, as its effects as an ergogenic aid were not fully understood until the early 1990s, but rather as an end product of the contraction mechanism. Its aim was to establish the biochemical and physiological mechanisms by which muscular hypertrophy occurs after increased muscular activity and measure the effects of increased intracellular creatine levels in differentiating skeletal muscle cells in culture. The conclusion was that although creatine probably does play a role in selectively controlling the rate of synthesis of muscle-specific proteins, it is hard to determine whether these results would apply in vivo. There are two schools of thought when it comes to assessing the change in body composition that comes with creatine supplementation; an increase in fat-free mass, first proposed by Earnest et al in 1996, and/or an increase in the relative water content of skeletal muscles. Francaux and Poortmans found that after nine weeks of training and creatine supplementation, their was an increase in the absolute value of both total body water (TBW) content and intracellular water (ICW) levels but not the relative value, indicating that the gain of 1-2kg of total body mass they observed was due to dry matter growth {{17 Francaux,M. 1999; }}. These results were similar to those obtained by Kreider et al in 1996 in that there was an increase in total body mass without a change in the TBW percentage {{28 Kreider,R.B. 1996; }}. When specifically studying the effects of creatine ethyl ester (CEE) supplementation, Spillane et al found no significant changes in TBW between the CEE, creatine monohydrate and placebo groups after heavy resistance training lasting 48 days {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. This study paid particular interest to the supposed water retention qualities of CEE as many of the manufacturers of the supplement claim that the esterfication process it undergoes increases cells permeability to creatine and minimizes the amount of extracellular water (ECW) retained during supplementation {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. As suggested by Mesa and colleagues {{80 Mesa,J.L. 2002; }}, one of the potential benefits of creatine supplementation is the accompanied increase in TBW and ICW that help facilitate skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Furthermore in 1998 Kreider et al conducted a study that used bioelectrical impedance to evaluate the changes in body composition after short term (28d) creatine supplementation during training. They concluded that the increases in body mass that they found could not be explained by disproportionate increases in total body water content and the majorit y of the increase could be attributed to lean tissue accretion {{29 Kreider,R.B. 1998; }}. Powers et al study in 2003 is perhaps the definitive work done on the subject of water retention within muscle during creatine supplementation. They concentrated solely on the fluid distribution, in a similar way to Francaux and Poortmans; by measuring total body water as well as the intra- and extracellular levels and found that although water was retained, fluid distribution remained the same {{31 Powers,M.E. 2003; }}. The theory that water retention is the main stimulus for skeletal muscle hypertrophy due to preferential retention by the intracellular component is without any evidence in the literature researched for this paper. The increase in TBW is relative to the increase in total body mass, the majority of which is formed of fat-free mass. Effect on maximal performance Maximal performance can be defined in many ways depending on the discipline; within the gym environment it is known as the 1 repetition maximum (1RM), the most weight an individual can lift in a single repetition for a given exercise. Out on the athletics track, maximal anaerobic performance can be measured with a short sprint, between 60-120m for example. Most of the studies that will be subsequently mentioned in this section have sought to discover the effects of combining creatine supplementation with various forms and intensities of resistance training. The duration of the training period also varies from one study to the next. Beck et al combined ten weeks of resistance training with supplementation of a drink that contained creatine, amino acids and protein {{6 Beck,T.W. 2007; }}. The control group drank a placebo mixture that contained just carbohydrates, and both groups were tested for their anaerobic power production before and after training. Both groups experienced improve d performances in their leg extension and bench press 1RM scores as well as their muscular endurance (number of repetitions performed at 80% of their 1RM). Also of note were increases in fat-free mass and percentage fat reduction for both groups. Most significantly however, were the changes elicited by the test drink when it came to peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) production; quantitative values that were determined using two 30 second Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnT). A good summary of this test is provided by -zkan et al (2010): it requires 30 seconds of pedalling at maximal speed on a cycle ergometer, against a resistance that is determined by the users body weight. As mentioned, it tests the individuals muscle power, endurance and fatigability and these were all improved in the test group but not in the placebo group. Their reasons for using a combined supplement drink was to assess whether the creatine, protein and amino acids combined effect would be greater than the benefits that would be expected from ingesting just one of the ingredients alone. It was hoped that examining the changes expected in body composition after resistance training would help to differentiate between the mechanisms that assist in supplement-induced performance enhancement. In that respect the study revealed no new information. The combination drink did improve the test subjects anaerobic capabilities compared to the carbohydrate placebo but provided no additional benefit for improving muscular strength or endurance when combined with medium term resistance training. A possible improvement to the study would have been to add in placebo groups that were to consume just protein and amino acid isolate drinks and perhaps it would have then been easier to differentiate between the respective beneficial effects of each supplem ent. It does confirm that when exercising at near maximal level, increased PC levels within the muscle can be advantageous at replenishing the ATP-PC pathway in anaerobic conditions. A near identical study by Chromiak et al in 2004 had differing results when it came to comparing the final PP and MP values of the two groups {{48 Chromiak,J.A. 2004; }}. They found that those who had taken the carbohydrate-only drink had identical results, in respect to improved PP and MP values, to those who had received the combination one. Differing levels of training intensity and volume could account for these differences, as well as the fact that the test conducted by Beck et al was evaluated using two WAnTs, as opposed to the Chromiak study , who only used one. When the results are compared to other studies that have tested similar protein, carbohydrate and creatine mixes, creatine does appear to produce the most consistent improvements in performance related activities so one can assume that the isolated increases in PP and MP are due to creatine, rather than the protein or amino acids. Open to discussion however, is the possibility that protein and amino acids could have contributed to the post-exercise recovery and tissue repair, therefore becoming a factor in the PP and MP training-induced increases. When creatine ingestion is isolated during short-term supplementation, the results of several studies appear to show encouraging results. Tarnopolsky and colleagues showed that short-term, high-dose creatine supplementation (20g a day for 4 days) markedly improved high intensity exercise performance, specifically in anaerobic cycling power and dorsi-flexor maximal voluntary contraction torque. They also found that males and females responded to the supplementation in a similar manner, with no gender effects apparent {{49 Tarnopolsky,M.A. 2000; }}. Volek et al found comparable results when they looked at maximal effort muscle contractions in individuals during repetitive sets of bench press and jump squats, after receiving 25g doses of creatine every day for a week {{50 Volek,J.S. 1997; }}. CM vs. PEG A subsequent study by Beck with Herda et al {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }} compared the effects of CM with that of differing doses of polyethylene glycosylated creatine (PEG), another form of CEE. Using the standard recommended safe dose of 5g a day of CM, the results after training were compared to those obtained taking 1.25g and 2.5g of PEG. Similar tests to the ones previously mentioned in other studies were used to measure muscle strength, endurance and power output in a group of young, healthy men. The difference with this study was that there was no extra training (aerobic or resistance) undertaken by any of the subjects from the level of exercise that they performed regularly before entering into this study. Instead it was just the simple administration of their respective supplement or placebo for a period of 30 days. CM had the effect of increasing body mass and muscle strength in the 1RM tests using the bench press and leg press. Those individuals taking the PEG doses found simila r improvements in muscle strength but no change in their body mass. Neither group had improved PP performance or muscle endurance when compared to the placebo group, respectively measured using the countermovement vertical jump and WAnT, and repetitions to failure at 80% of 1RM using bench press and leg press. It had been suggested by Fry et al that PEG could help facilitate creatines movement across the sarcolemma during gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, therefore a smaller dose of this form of creatine would be needed to obtain potentially the same results as CM (Fry, CF. 2007). This study showed that while a smaller dose of PEG did show comparable results to those obtained using CM, further studies are required to determine its effects when combined with resistance training. One notable practical application is that both CM and PEG groups experienced improved 1RM performance without undertaking a loading period. Many manufacturers of CM encourage a week of loading of the creatine supplement i.e. a larger dose of 20-25g followed by a maintenance period taking a normal 5g dose. Going on from this, with further research required, it might be possible to achieve the same improved performance in 1RM exercises usually seen after 5g.d-1 of CM, by taking a smaller daily dose of PEG. Again, it i s possible results may vary when combined with a set period of resistance training and further research is required in this area. CM vs. CEE, with special reference to the creatine transporter A 2009 study by Spillane et al concentrated on looking into the effects of CEE supplementation on muscle performance after a seven week period of heavy resistance training {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. As mentioned briefly earlier, CEEs proposed advantage over CM is that it is more bio-available due to the esterification process it undergoes, thereby making it less hydrophilic. The manufacturers of this particular variety of creatine also claim that due to enhanced sarcolemma permeability in favour of CEE, it is able to taken up into muscle without the need for the creatine transporter (CT) {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. The CT mediates the uptake of creatine in skeletal muscle against a concentration gradient and is helped by a Na+-dependent transporter {{94 Guimbal,C. 1993; }}. A review by Snow and Murphy looked at the literature concerning the CT, primarily how it is regulated and what gene expression is responsible for its activity {{51 Snow,R.J. 2001; }}. They found that the CreaT1 gen e was expressed in a variety of tissues, including neural, cardiac and skeletal muscle, and that the activity of the transporter protein itself was regulated by substrate concentration, cellular location and a host of other factors. A subsequent review in 2003 by the same authors demonstrated that the creatine content in muscle was predominantly determined by extracellular supply and the expression and activity of the CTs {{52 Snow,R.J. 2003; }}. They also found that after creatine supplementation, the increases seen in total muscle creatine levels were variable and hypothesized that potential factors responsible for these differences could be carbohydrate intake, average level of exercise and possibly fibre type. Supplement companies make specific reference to CEEs supposed benefits over CM, indicating that it is easier to absorb than other versions and offers faster results (MyProtein.co.uk web site, accessed 27-1-2010). However, these claims have been disputed, not only by the International Society of Sports Nutrition, as mentioned earlier, but also by another independent study that showed that CEE was unstable at low pH conditions and as a result, would be taken up less by muscle than an equivalent dose of CM (Mold et al 1955). The results of the comparative study by Spillane et al seemed to concur with these objections. Performance and muscle strength were improved to a similar level of those using CM and those in the placebo group, while body composition was unchanged. They concluded that the improvements seen in the study were most likely due to the training regime, rather than the supplementation and that CEE ingestion markedly increased the serum creatinine levels without any notable change in serum and total muscle creatine levels. This can only lead to the observation that the CEE was being degraded while in GI transit and its uptake by skeletal muscle was insufficient enough to prevent further degradation to creatinine or increase the levels of creatine within the muscles {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. This is a very interesting revelation considering the manufacturers claims of increased absorption and it shouldnt go unnoticed that all supplementation mentioned in the study (placebo, CM and CEE) provided no additional benefit to the training specification undertaken by the volunteers. A loading phase (approx. 20g/day) of five days was followed by a maintenance period lasting 6 weeks (approx. 5g/day) and the training programme was a fairly intense one with participants required to train four times a week. Perhaps the more demanding training schedule was sufficient in providing maximal muscle strength increases and supplementation could not possibly have had any b eneficial effect. This is open to discussion however, as so far every study that has been reviewed in researching for this paper has shown that creatine increased the effects of training. Effect on repetitive sub-/supra-maximal exercise Improved performance in repetitive exercises such as repeated sprints (6x60m) are more relevant than one-off maximal performances when it comes to assessing creatines effect in a sporting environment. The ability to perform longer and harder during interval training sessions gives way to better results and hopefully better performance in competitions. It is essential to differentiate this form of exercise from endurance training, which involves long concerted efforts with little, if any, rest time. It could be said that improving this aspect of your training will give rise to improved performance in 1RM tests so the effect of creatine supplementation needs to be evaluated in both aspects. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a specific type of interval training and is utilised by some of the studies subsequently mentioned. It requires maximal effort for a short duration of time, interspersed with active recovery at a lower intensity to the main workout. The thinking behind this form of training is that intramuscular levels of H+ will be elevated when the next set of exercise begins and this should force the body into improving intramuscular buffering capacity {{54 Costill,D.L. 1984; }}. This should then improve performance in future training/events by delaying fatigue. A 2003 study by van Loon et al looked at the effects of CM supplementation, without training, on performance during repeated supra-maximal sprints on a cycle ergometer as well as an endurance cycling exercise {{24 van Loon,L.J. 2003; }}. Whole-body and muscle oxidative capacity and substrate utilisation as well as body mass were also measured before and after to monitor any potential changes. The main aim of the researchers was to determine any differences in the results of the aforementioned values, between creatine loading and prolonged use of the supplement. Performance in the repeated sprints was improved in both groups, while there was no improvement at all in the endurance exercise. Muscle oxidative capacity was also unaffected. The researchers had based their predictions, on a possible change in the oxidative capacity, on findings by Brannon et al that showed increased muscle citrate synthase activity in rats after prolonged creatine supplementation {{53 Brannon,T.A. 1997; }}. Their results suggested improvements in the values mentioned because citrate synthase is a mitochondrial marker enzyme, although almost every study that has looked into creatines effect on endurance has found no (or even negative) effect. Unfortunately this study also came to the same conclusion. Kendall et al carried out a similar, subsequent study in 2009, looking into the effects of combining HIIT with creatine supplementation and assessing any changes in critical power or anaerobic working capacity {{3 Kendall,K.L. 2009; }}. Critical power reflects the individuals ability to sustain their highest power output for an extended period time while anaerobic working capacity is their total metabolic work capacity, independent of oxygen use {{3 Kendall,K.L. 2009; }}. Creatine significantly improved critical power compared to the placebo and control groups while anaerobic working capacity was unchanged in all test subjects after treatment. This suggests that HIITs effects on endurance performance changes may be enhanced by creatine supplementation. A possible explanation for this is that PC is a major component of biological buffering and, as has been shown already, creatine supplementation can increase the bodies total creatine stores therefore allowing for improved pre-exercise PC availability. Although the participants of this particular study did not have their intramuscular levels of PC measured, other studies have repeatedly shown a significant increase after varying levels of supplementation (3-20g/day) {{11 Harris,R.C. 1992;1 Vandenberghe,K. 1997; 55 Casey,A. 1996; }}. Therefore, not only does creatine supplementation help to replenish PC stores and increase energy production in the ATP-PC energy system, but it also serves to delay the onset of muscle fatigue by prolonging the build up of ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), known factors in the activation of anaerobic glycolysis (Cramer 2007). The studies covered in this paper have mostly used young, healthy males to test the effects of creatine supplementation so to ensure fair coverage of the population the next study to be considered examines the effect of the ergogenic aid in sedentary older women. Gotshalk et al (2008) showed significant increases in upper- and lower-body maximal strength in thirty 58-71 year old women after CM supplementation The effect of creatine supplementation on muscle development The aim of this section is to attempt and explain the structural changes that take place after creatine supplementation that facilitate the improvement in muscle performance shown in the aforementioned studies. It has already been shown by numerous studies that exogenous creatine can replenish the PC stores and lead to faster regeneration of ATP and therefore allow a longer and more intense exertion. This next section will focus on how creatine potentially alters the morphology of skeletal muscle and how it can amplify the effects of training. Muscle fibre type and size A study by Volek et al examined the cross-sectional area and proportion of muscle fibre types before and after supplementation and twelve weeks of heavy resistance training {{56 Volek,J.S. 1999; }}. Those subjects in the creatine group had significant increases in the cross-sectional area of all four types (Type I, IIA, IIAB IIB) while increases in the placebo group were much smaller, with only Type IIA fibres reaching a significant value of change. Interestingly it was this type of fibre that increased in proportion in both groups after training, but more so in the creatine subjects (9% vs. 7%). They also found a significant decrease in Type IIB fibres in both groups (9% and 6%) indicating that the training was responsible for a slight shift from the fast glycolytic type towards the fast oxidative type of fibres, with creatine accentuating this change. This change is to be expected as resistance training has previously been shown to decrease the percentage of Type IIB fibres and en courage the transformation from Type IIA > Type IIAB > Type IIB in as little as five workouts {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. As the authors state in their discussion section, the greater gains in muscle fibre hypertrophy seen by the creatine group implies enhanced myofibrillar synthesis and/or reduced breakdown. Myosin heavy chain synthesis Ingwall and colleagues had shown in 1972 that skeletal muscle, formed both in vitro and in vivo, would synthesise myosin heavy chain faster when supplied with creatine in vitro {{57 Ingwall,J.S. 1972; }}. Ingwall had been one of the first to postulate that the hypertrophy of skeletal muscle as a result of increased muscular activity might be due to an end product of the activity promoting contractile protein synthesis {{57 Ingwall,J.S. 1972; }}. The results of his early experiment were consistent with the idea that creatine acts as a positive-feedback effector within the system relating muscular activity and muscle protein synthesis. However it is still unclear whether the same mechanism is applicable in vivo as creatines beneficial effects appear to act indirectly through the enhancement of the intensity of trai

A-Bomb yes? :: essays research papers

The relevance of the two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was that it ended World War II, which is the main goal of the any war so yes, it was necessary. The two bombs dropped mightconvince the Japanese any further resistance was futile, which worked. After the bombings, there were rumors of Japanese ready to surrender the next few day which claimed to make the two bombings â€Å"unnecessary†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The generally accepted view that the Japanese would fight to the very end put that rumor at a very small percentage. The Japanese also wanted their current emperor to remain on throne and they were afraid that the surrendering terms would cause the Japanese to choose a new Emperor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The atomic bomb lead America to the atomic age, causing it to build many thousands of nuclear bombs. Having the many nuclear bombs was a great defense, not for shooting, but to generally let countries know that â€Å"hey we have more nuclear weapons than you all combined† so that they would think twice, even three times before attacking America. The dropping of the first atomic bomb proved that by ending the war. The second dropping of the bomb was just as important to causing the Japanese to surrender as much as the first. Just two days after Hiroshima, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. Dropping the second bomb on Nagasaki would make the surrender of Japan inevitable. What would have happened had the A-bomb not been used? Of course, thewar would have continued. US forces; therefore, would have had to invade the home island of Japan. Doing so, would end in many casualties. American forces would not only have to fight Japanese forces, but Japanese civilians as well. The Japanese civilians may not seem like a lot compared to the U.S. forces, but the Japanese government had been giving the civilians weapons from guns to spears. With the overwhelming number of civilians compared to American Forces, it would prove to be a hard battle which could lead to many casualties. The number of Japanese civilian casualties could have been greater than that of the atomic bomb and it would have taken a longer period.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chief of Staff predicted that the Japanese would have surrendered on September 1944, but they were still fighting. So there was no way of knowing if the Japanese were going to surrender or not.

Principles of Personal Development Essay

Standards that influence the way adult social care job roles are carried out. Codes of Practice set out the criteria against which providers are assessed by. They also describe the standards of conduct and practice with which workers must carry out their activities and ensure that what they do is competent and consistent with the values of their employer. These standards are how registrants’ ‘ï ¬ tness to practice’ is determined. For a care worker to work in a certain profession, they have to register with their particular Professional Council and then work to the Codes of Practice which they deem ï ¬ t. Not following their Code of Practice could result in them being taken of the register and no longer allowed to work in that role. Reflecting on work activities is an important way to develop own knowledge and skills. Reflection on your own practice is important because it allows you to assess what you are doing well, identify areas where you might like or maybe need more training or guidance in to ensure you are performing to the best you can, and are meeting all standards and expectations within the elderly house policies and procedures. Reflecting on your practice can enhance and improve your confidence and self esteem because you can look at what you are doing well, the things you have learnt and achieved and feel good about yourself especially if you have done something with ease that you used to find difficult, if you have done something you never did well in or something that you have never tried before. This then gives you confidence to continue working well and to aim to try other new things or to use what new skills or knowledge you have gained in your practices. During the activity you improve you learning by asking you supervisor/senior. You learn from others people strategies. Find ways to reflect your self in your activity. Reflection, which is learning through experience, is not a new concept. As humans, we naturally reflect on our surroundings and experiences. It is a learning tool that will help us improve our skill and develop our knowledge and practice. Also it is important to find your strengths and weaknesses so that you can develop and improve on them, so you can make your weakness your strengths. Reflecting on your self is a complex activity that requires the individual to develop a set of skills. When you reflect you stand back and think of a situation or problem, gain a new perspective of something, make sense of our experiences and construct meaning and knowledge that directs actions in practice. Use evidence to help decide on decisions. Ways to ensure that personal attitudes or beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work. The best way to ensure that personal attitudes or beliefs don’t obstruct the quality of work is to be dedicated to excellence. Personal attitudes can be changed through education. That is an important way. It helps to develop a good work ethic. How learning activities can develop knowledge, skills and understanding. How a learning activity has improved own knowledge, skills and understanding. The more you think and plan, the better you can do. Think things all the way through to a successful conclusion. Improving improved own knowledge, skills and understanding by reflecting on a situation I don’t have a situation that I really want to share, but I spend a great deal of time reflecting on life from various perspectives from the logical/intellectual to the mystical/muse. The two quotes below are on a list that I keep in my desk. They remind me why I must make time, even if it appears I’m doing something else, to reflect. * â€Å"Think left and think right and think low and think high. Oh, the thinks you can think up if only you try!† ― Dr. Seuss * â€Å"The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing.† ― Albert Einstein Feedback from others has developed own knowledge, skills and understanding The example is comments, critics, suggestions. If someone know what to do to this feedback, that person already know what to do next. That was a development by feedback How a personal development plan can contribute to own learning and development Definition of personal development plan Personal development planning (PDP) is the process of creating an action plan based on awareness, values, reflection, goal-setting and planning for personal development within the context of a career, education, relationship or for self-improvement. Who can be involved in the PDP process Typically, each employee’s line manager should be responsible for the individual employee’s PDP. * Managers may need appropriate training to ensure they can manage PDPs effectively. Developing these skills can be built into the manager’s own PDP. * The most senior employees – and those whose performance has the most impact on the performance of the business – may benefit from an external mentor Sources of support for own learning and development There are many sources of support that you can access and many different ways that you can help yourself, when developing your practice. The appraisal or supervision system in your workplace can be a good starting point. This will help you to identify areas of your practice that need to be developed, and to plan to use opportunities for training and development. Some employers provide appraisal at six-monthly or 12-monthly intervals, but supervision should be at least once a month. This gives you a good opportunity to use the experience and knowledge of your supervisor to help you plan how to move forward in your practice. Benefits of using PDP to identify ongoing improvements in own knowledge and understanding Some advantages of taking a personal development approach to your work are: Gaining a clearer focus to your learning. Helping to keep yourself motivated. A better understanding of how you learn and how to improve your performance. More enjoyment and less stress from your learning as you become consciously skilled. More awareness of how to apply your learning to new problems and contexts.

How Western Europe is Divided in the Context of the European Union essays

How Western Europe is Divided in the Context of the European Union essays The way in which government and politics operate in West European politics say a lot about the future of the nation. Most Western European systems are classified as parliamentary because of the fusion of powers between the executive and legislature. Most are also advanced industrial democracies, confronting the same fundamental issues of democracy that concern American The European Union (EU), which was drafted in 1984, concentrated on goals relating to political unification for Europe (Norton, 2002). The EU called for a federal-type Western European government, with a two-house legislature. When examining the effects of the EU on Western European politics, it is important to look at the roots of its existence. The beginning of the EU's existence was actually the creation of the Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) in 1948. The OEEC was created to advance the re-building of war-torn Europe and to help distribute American financial aid (Marshall Aid) for Western Europe. In 1951, France and Germany created the European Coal (ECSC), which merged the coal and steel industries of the two countries (Norton, 2002). In 1957, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg signed the Treaty of Rome, merging the OEEC and the ECSC into one economic and common marketthe European Economic Community (EEC). In 1973, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark joined the EEC. Greece followed suit in 1981 and Portugal and Spain in 1986. In 1992, the EEC became the European Union (EU). In 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden joined. The Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Malta and Cyprus plan to join in 2004. In the early 1990s, the EU started working on a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and a Common European Security and Defence Policy (CESDP) (Norton, 2002). In 1993, the EU com...

Early Arkansas Natives and Migrations essays

Early Arkansas Natives and Migrations essays Arkansas and the southwest, January 31, 2003 The Mound builders of the Mississippian Culture The first human inhabitants of Arkansas and North America were the paleo Indians, right after the last ice age disappeared. Survived by hunting the mastodon, saber toothed tigers. Where they came from? The few skeletal remains suggest that they were Caucasoid, were more related to the white races. Some same that they can be related to the Ainu people of Japan. The paleo Indians could have been related to the Ainu people. A great controversy still exists on where the paleo Indians originated. The weapons and tool technology changed between 9 thousand and 8 thousand years ago. Some native Americans today may have paleo Indian genes in their markup today. Their existence ceased to be evident about 8000 yrs ago. The next group of human inhabitants were the Archaic Indians. 8000bc to 1000bc. Definitely Mongolian tribes or bloodlines. On the other hand, they shared cultural traits as the paleo Indians. They were hunter gatherer people. They lived all over Arkansas, we can infer what we know about them come form artifacts that come from bluffs in northern Arkansas. Bluff Dwellers in the Arkansas Ozarks. Fortunately, many articles survived because they lived in sheltered bluffs, . many people have found many artifacts, toward the 19th century. Many investigations were made, and we have many archaic Indian articles from their culture. These give us some information about the archaic Indians way of life. They had no system of writing, or surviving documents to say definitely what their religious beliefs were, afterlife, what was their political organization? No historical records to draw on. It is clear they were hunter gatherer Indians. The archaic Indians had not yet developed the bow. They were hunting deer and elk, and other game that was prevalent. T ...

The book called Brave New World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The book called Brave New World - Essay Example The first chapter tends to introduce the responder to the society portrayed in Brave New World, as the Director tries to make the students familiar with Bokanovskification, an utterly scientific world; it immediately creates the impression that this highly scientific and sophisticated world is utterly oblivious to the natural considerations and the natural world. The hallmark of the society depicted in Brave New World is to give way to a human form that is starkly divested of its inner urges and yearnings and merely acts as an organic receptacle to the generalized social norms and practices. Thereby in Brave New World the intention of Aldous Huxley is to convey that considering the current direction in which the modern society is advancing, it will eventually distort and alter the human nature itself. Brave New World tends to offer a satirical vision of a future that is sans any flavor and happens to be innately sterile. In that context this science fiction novel happens to be anti-u topian or dystopian in its form and intent. The novel unravels a world that is not only starkly stultified by a marked lack of originality, but is also immensely oppressive in terms of the control that the authorities tend to exercise over the common people. Though the novel deals with a futuristic dystopia, yet it has marked links to the modern history in the sense that it resorts to a profuse usage of irony and paradox to bring out the bleak consequences of the scientific and technological development wrought by mankind in the last few decades. The theme of the novel is the impact of scientific development on mankind and the human interaction with nature that eventually gives way to a regimented world where the denizens are homogenized and categorized as five casts that are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon, each cast fixed in its own set ways and incapable of any impromptu and impulsive inclinations and yearnings. This abominable strict social regimentation gets reflected in the feelings of Bernard, â€Å"The mockery made him feel an outsider; and feeling an outsider he behaved like one. †¦ A chromic fear of being slighted made him avoid his equals, made him stand, where his inferiors were concerned, self-consciously on his dignity (Huxley 65).† Brave New World presents a society that essentially accepts the incompatibility between a shallow and drab sense of happiness and the reality that the human beings are required to contend with on a daily basis by legalizing the consumption of a research drug that is ‘Soma’ that is used by the inhabitants of this futuristic world to escape the drabness and challenges marking the real world. In that sense it is indeed intriguing and disturbing to see that Mustapha Mond, the most intelligent and most accomplished benefactor of the world state regards the drug soma as an immaculate tool to assure social harmony and peace. His thoughts regarding soma become obvious in his conversation with Jo hn where he assures John that the world state will rescue him from the dire consequences of an interaction with reality by giving him doses of soma. The soma is shown to be having the power to induce a pacific state in the people inhabiting the world state at the cost of depriving them of their individuality and innate personality. It is the cherished and legalized panacea in the

Chateau de Versailles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chateau de Versailles - Essay Example Among the most visited historical structures in France, is the Palace of Versailles, (known as Chateau of Versailles in French) which attaches with it a high degree of historical and political significance. The Chateau comes under the head of most visited monuments in France. The vital aspect of preservation of national treasures has been in focus and castles can not be excluded from being so. The rehabilitation of the Versailles shows the keen interest of the country in preserving the presence of such a unique treasure. The basic thought for constructing the Versailles was that it was supposed to be a personal dominion of gratification for Louis, but with its expansion, it was altered into a public centerpiece, displaying the gloire of both the ruler of France and the country itself. Although Versailles lacks the resolutely symbolic proportions, the geometrical planned layout and the utter scale of the gardens show that the intention had been to reflect the brilliantness and constancy of the monarchy which had never been portrayed. The architecture and the expert development along with its rehabilitation has made the castle a masterpiece which has attracted tourist to the site. Even though the chateau has had large queues, people are more than willing to spend hours waiting to explore the structure and ascertain its significance. The history of the chateau started from Louis XIII, on invitation from Gondi, the owner of seigneury of Versailles, went on several hunting trips in the forests of Versailles. Subsequently he ordered construction of a chateau in 1624. In 1632, Louis XIII purchased the seigneury and made extensions to the chateau. The work was limited to the extent that it allowed for mere alterations to the existing chateau. Further, to evade the busy life of Paris and to uphold the dignity under his control, Louis XIV, the Sun king, ordered the construction of the chateau in which he mounted the government. The second construction phase began in 1664 and lasted until Louis XIV's death (1715), this made the chateau into an entirely new building, which was shaped about the Royal Court. Louis le vau was assigned to refurbish expand an antique hunting lodge. From slough land the gardens were created by Le Notre and the hydraulic flaunt of fountains was exercised by Mansart.It was never meant to be a ho me for the King.Versailles was the headquarters of every limb of the state. However, the chateau was deserted after the death of Louis XIV. After Louis XV moved in, it remained as residence of the royal family and there were plans made for extension under Louis XVI, but these never succeeded as the French Revolution intervened, and thereafter it was ruined as the priceless furniture was sold, the pictures were sent away and the palace was turned into a museum. There came a time when it was nearly annihilated by Louis-Philippe. The Chateau now demonstrates on the one hand what remains of the former royal residence, which has an approximate of one hundred and twenty room, and on the other, the Muse d'Histoire (Museum of History) which Louis-Philippe called "Les Galeries Historiques" (Historical Galleries), compromising one hundred and twenty halls. The acts of Louis Philippe can be seen as a huge blow suffered by the monument. However, in 1871 during the Paris commune, it was recogniz ed as a seat for the nationalist government, and so the French parliament met in Louis XV's opera building, up until 1879, which