Agroecology and Miguel Altieri Essay -- Agriculture Agricultural Essay

Agroecology and Miguel Altieri Agroecology and agriculture in general took a giant leap forward in 1492 when Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. Previously, the New and the Old World only shared three species: sweet potato, bottle gourd, and coconut. Now that this New World had been discovered, there was much that could be gained, and it was more than just gold (Bermejo 1994). Many attempts at growing crops in the new and very different environment proved frivolous, but others found success. In fact, it is known today that many crops reach their optimum yield in an environment that is different from their own. The first crops introduced into the Americas were the European grains, vegetables, and fruits; these were unsuccessful at first. However, some crops did adapt well to the tropical environment right from the beginning, including: bananas, sugar cane, and citrus fruits. Potatoes, tomatoes, gourds, beans, and chilies have all found their way into European cuisine; these crops all originated in the Americas. Rice, a now major player in Mexican food, was also introduced by the Spaniards. African grasses also replaced low yield grass species in Latin America. This giant exchange of species would completely change the world’s diet (Bermejo 1994). Although explorers set out in a conquest for â€Å"God, gold, and Glory,† and did, in fact, satisfy all of those desires, they discovered something that was way more valuable than anything they could have ever imagined. They discovered a whole new world that had unlimited resources, land, plant species, and anything else they could ever use in their lifetime. In their conquest, however, they managed to almost wipe out a whole population, thousands of years of history, an... ... from http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/60.4/jones.html Lopez, B. (1990) The Rediscovery of North America. The University Press of Kentucky. Lexington. Sandberg, B. (2006). Beyond Encounters: Religion, Ethnicity, and Violence in the Early Modern Atlantic World, 1492-1700. Journal of World History, 17, Retrieved November 10, 2006, from http://historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu/journals/jwh/17.1/sandberg.html Schwartz, B., D'Arcy, H., Schuman, H. (2005, April 1). Elite Revisionists and Popular Beliefs: Christopher Columbus, Hero or Villain?. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69, Retrieved November 10, 2006, from http://80elibrary.bigchalk.com.proxy.uwlib.uwyo.edu/libweb/elib/do/document?set=pbsissue&groupid=1&requestid=issue_docs&resultid=9&edition=&ts=22A09C01D33E00EEC1C57E5266921447_1163398443033&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B106981986

Introduction to Information Security Essay

Security Domains and Strategies Safety of data and information is a real important aspect of a company. Before we can create an outline for general security solutions we must first define what is needed. I recommend that we use a multi-layered security plan. There are a total of seven domains of an IT infrastructure including user domain, workstation domain, LAN domain, LAN-to-WAN domain, WAN domain, remote access domain, and system/application domain. User domain is essentially the people who access the information system. User domains tend to receive risk due to the user’s carelessness due to lack of awareness, not caring for policies, and security violations. These can easily be rectified with training. Conduct security awareness training, display security posters around the office, and send email reminders to keep the policies fresh in the employee’s mind. Another common threat is caused by employee misuse of the system. Employees might insert USB drives, or download photos music and videos. These items might contain virus’s which in turn damages the system. The USB ports should be disabled and content filtering and antivirus scanning should be enabled. Workstation domain is any device that connects to the network. A few threats might be encountered are unauthorized access to the workstation and unauthorized access to applications and data. These issues can be mitigated simply by enabling password protection on workstations and by defining strict access control policies. LAN domains are a collection of computers connected to one another. Threats for LAN domains include unauthorized access to the LAN, and unauthorized access to systems applications and data. The solutions for these threats are similar to that of the workstation domain. Another major threat are confidentiality of data transmissions via WLAN connections is compromised. Implementation of encryption between workstation and WAP is crucial. LAN-to-WAN domain is where the infrastructure links to a wide area network and internet. A few issues include unauthorized network probing and port scanning. To resolve this issue disable ping, probing and port scanning on all exterior IPÂ  devices within the domain. Another major issue is unauthorized access through the LAN-to-WAN domain. Simply applying strict security monitoring controls for intrusion and detection and preventing would solve this problem. WAN domains connect remote locations. For these types of domains it is easy for open, public and accessible to anyone that wants to connect. Create new laws regarding unauthorized access to the systems, malicious attacks on the infrastructures and financial loss due to malicious outages. Another issue is that most internet traffic is sent in clear text. To prevent this prohibit using the internet for private communications without encryption and VPN tunnels. Re mote access domain connects remote users to the infrastructure. Threats for this type of infrastructure are brute force user id and password attacks, multiple logon retries and access control attacks. To stop this from occurring creates user id and password policies requiring periodic changes. Set up automatic blocking for attempted logon retries. System/application domain holds all the critical systems, applications and data. Unauthorized access to data centers, computer rooms and wiring closets is a major issue for this domain. Apply policies, standards and procedures for staff and visitors. The servers must sometimes be shut down to perform maintenance. Create a system that brings together servers, storage and networking. These are a couple things that I have outlined that would make this multi-layered security plan a success. We must know the various threats for each layer and how to resolve each layer. This plan will greatly save the company money as well as lawsuits due to inf ormation leakage.

How to Conjugate the Verb Studiare in Italian

The verb studiare means to study, to apply oneself to the learning of something; to practice through repeated study; to observe someone or something; to measure—as in ones words, for example; and to devise or to come up with something. Sto studiando un modo per sviare lacqua dal lago. I am studying a way to divert the water from the lake. It is a regular verb of the first conjugation, hence it follows the typical -are  ending pattern and has a regular participio passato, studiato. It conjugates most often transitively, with the auxiliary avere and a direct object. It is used intransitvely (still with avere) but rarely, in the sense of applying oneself to become something. For example, Studio a essere bravo. I am applying myself to become good. The action falls back on the subject, which is what makes it intransitive: remember your ground rules for choosing an auxiliary. Transitive and Intransitive Even in cases where a conjunction or preposition is used, the verb is still transitive, answering the question, What? Studio come fare una torta vegana; I am studying how to make a vegan cake. Note in the tables below the uses of studiare followed by al liceo and per lesame: the verb is considered to have absolute value in those cases and it is still transitive. In pronominal use—studiarsi, with essere—the particle si is used as a reinforcement, to show greater engagement on the part of the subject, rather than as a reflexive: Mi sono studiata un metodo nuovo per fare il pane. I came up with/devised myself a new method to make bread. You know it is not reflexive because you can take the -si away, use avere instead of essere, and the meaning stays the same. But studiarsi can also be reflexive: La ragazza si studià ² nello specchio. The girl studied herself in the mirror. Indicativo Presente: Present Indicative A regular presente. Io studio Io studio al liceo. I study at the liceo. Tu studi All'università   tu studi letteratura moderna. At the university you study/are studying modern literature. Lui, lei, Lei studia Adesso Franco studia la soluzione del problema. Now Franco studies/is studying the solution of the problem. Noi studiamo Oggi studiamo per l'esame. Today we study/are studying for the exam. Voi studiate Noto che studiate le vostre parole. I notice that you measure your words. Loro, Loro studiano Gli studenti studiano attentamente il professore. The students carefully study the teacher. Indicativo Passato Prossimo: Present Perfect Indicative Il passato prossimo, formed with the present of the auxiliary. Io ho studiato Io ho studiato al liceo. I studied at the liceo. Tu hai studiato All'università   tu hai studiato letteratura moderna. At university you studied modern literature. Lui, lei, Lei ha studiato Ieri Franco ha studiato la soluzione del problema. Yesterday Franco studied the solution to the problem. Noi abbiamo studiato Ieri abbiamo studiato per l'esame. Yesterday we studied for the exam. Voi avete studiato Ieri durante la nostra conversazione avete studiato le vostre parole. Yesterday during our conversation you measured your words. Loro, Loro hanno studiato Durante la lezione gli studenti hanno studiato il professore. During the lesson the students studied the professor. Indicativo Imperfetto: Imperfect Indicative A regular imperfetto. Io studiavo Quando ti ho conosciuto, studiavo al liceo. When I met you, I was studying at the liceo. Tu studiavi Quando hai cominciato a insegnare, studiavi letteratura moderna. When you began teaching, you were studying modern literature. Lui, lei, Lei studiava Da buono scienziato, Franco studiava sempre le soluzioni dei problemi. As a good scientist, Franco always studied the solutions to the problems. Noi studiavamo Quando sei arrivato studiavamo per l'esame. When you arrived we were studying for the exam. Voi studiavate Ho notato che quando parlavamo, studiavate bene le vostre parole. I noticed that while we were talking you were measuring your words. Loro, Loro studiavano Durante la lezione gli studenti studiavano il professore nuovo. During the lesson the students studied the new professor. Indicativo Passato Remoto: Remote Past Indicative A regular passato remoto. Io studiai Prima dell'università   studiai al liceo. Before university I studied at the liceo. Tu studiasti Prima di diventare professore studiasti letteratura moderna. Before becoming a professor, you studied modern literature. Lui, lei, Lei studià ² Franco studià ² sempre diligentemente le soluzioni dei problemi. Franco always diligently studied the solutions to the problems. Noi studiammo Quell'anno studiammo molto per l'esame. That year we studied a lot for the exam. Voi studiaste Ricordo che studiaste attentamente le vostre parole. I remember that you measured your words very carefully. Loro, Loro studiarono Appena arrivati, gli studenti studiarono attentamente il professore. Just arrived, the students studied the professor carefully. Indicativo Trapassato Prossimo: Past Perfect Indicative A regular trapassato prossimo, the past of the past, made of the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Io avevo studiato Avevo studiato al liceo per qualche tempo, poi avevo cambiato scuola. I had studied at the liceo for some time, but then I had changed schools. Tu avevi studiato Allora avevo studiato letteratura moderna, quindi avevo la casa piena di libri. At the time, I had studied modern literature and I had a house full of books. Lui, lei, Lei aveva studiato Franco aveva studiato tutte le soluzioni al problema, e dunque sapeva tutto. Franco had studied all the solutions to the problem, hence he knew everything. Noi avevamo studiato Poichà © non avevamo studiato per l'esame, bocciammo. Since we had not studied for the exam, we flunked. Voi avevate studiato Per una volta avevate studiato le vostre parole, ma Giulia si arrabbià ² lo stesso. For once you had measured your words, but Giulia got angry anyway. Loro, Loro avevano studiato Gli studenti avevano studiato il professore, ma non avevano notato una particolarità  . The students had studied the professor, but they had not noticed one peculiarity. Indicativo Trapassato Remoto: Preterite Perfect Indicative A regular trapassato remoto, a remote storytelling tense. Made of the passato remoto of the auxiliary and the participio passato, in constructions with the passato remoto in the main clause. Io ebbi studiato Dopo che ebbi studiato al liceo decisi di fare l'università  . After I had studied at the liceo I decided to go to university. Tu avesti studiato Dopo che avesti studiato letteratura moderna e finito a pieni voti, decidesti di fare il militare. After you had studied modern literature and finished with honors, you decided to enter the military. Lui, lei, Lei ebbe studiato Appena che ebbe studiato la soluzione del problema, Franco la rivelà ². As soon as Franco had studied/figured out the solution to the problem, he revealed it. Noi avemmo studiato Dopo che avemmo studiato per l'esame andammo a pesca e tu prendesti una grossa trota. After we had studied for the exam, we went fishing and you caught a big trout. Voi aveste studiato E tanto, dopo che aveste studiato tanto le vostre parole, la mamma si arrabbià ² uguale. And yet, after you had measured your words so carefully, mom got angry anyway. Loro ebbero studiato Dopo che ebbero studiato bene il professore, gli studenti decisero di fargli uno scherzo. After they had studied the professor well, the students decided to play a joke on him. Indicativo Futuro Semplice: Simple Future Indicative A regular futuro semplice. Io studierà ² Quando sarà ² grande studierà ² al liceo. When I am older I will study at the liceo. Tu studierai Da grande studierai letteratura moderna. When you are older you will study modern literature. Lui, lei, Lei studierà   Franco studierà   la soluzione del problema. Franco will study the solution to the problem. Noi studieremo Domani studieremo per l'esame. Tomorrow we will study for the exam. Voi studierete Quando parlerete con la mamma studierete le vostre parole. When you speak with Mom, you will measure your words. Loro, Loro studieranno Sicuramente gli studenti studieranno il professore nuovo. Surely the students will study the new professor. Indicativo Futuro Anteriore: Future Perfect Indicative The futuro anteriore is made of the future of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Io avrà ² studiato Dopo che avrà ² studiato al liceo farà ² l'università  . After I will have studied at the liceo I will go to university. Tu avrai studiato Dopo che avrai studiato letteratura moderna insegnerai. After you will have studied modern literature you will teach. Lui, lei, Lei avrà   studiato Quando Franco avrà   studiato la soluzione del problema ce lo dirà  . When Franco will have studied the solution to the problem he will tell us. Noi avremo studiato Appena avremo studiato per l'esame ci riposeremo. As soon as we will have studied for the exam we will rest. Voi avrete studiato Dopo che avrete studiato le vostre parole potrete finire la lettera. After you will have measured your words, you will be able to finish your letter. Loro, Loro avranno studiato Dopo che lo avranno studiato attentamente, gli studenti ameranno il loro professore nuovo. After they will have studied him carefully, the students will love their new teacher. Congiuntivo Presente: Present Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo presente. Che io studi La mamma vuole che studi al liceo. Mom wants me to study at the liceo. Che tu studi Spero che tu studi letteratura moderna. I hope you will study modern literature. Che lui, lei, Lei studi Credo che Franco studi la soluzione al problema. I believe that Franco is studying the solution to the problem Che noi studiamo La mamma crede che studiamo per l'esame. Mom thinks we are studying for the exam. Che voi studiate Spero che studiate bene le vostre parole. I hope you will measure your words. Che loro, Loro studino Voglio che gli studenti studino attentamente il professore cosà ¬ lo verranno a conoscere. I want the students to study the professor carefully so they will get to know him. Congiuntivo Imperfetto: Imperfect Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo imperfetto. A tense of contemporaneity with the main clause. Che io studiassi La mamma vorrebbe che studiassi al liceo. Mom wishes I would study at the liceo. Che tu studiassi Io vorrei che tu studiassi letteratura moderna. I wish that you would study modern literature. Che lui, lei, Lei studiasse Pensavo che Franco studiasse la soluzione al problema. I thought that Franco was studying the solution to the problem. Che noi studiassimo Vorrei che studiassimo per l'esame. I wish that we would study for the exam. Che voi studiaste Speravo che voi studiaste le vostre parole un po' meglio. I hoped that you would measure your words a bit better. Che loro, Loro studiassero Il preside vorrebbe che gli studenti non studiassero il professore cosà ¬ maleducatamente. The principal wishes that the students not study the professor so rudely. Congiuntivo Passato: Present Perfect Subjunctive The congiuntivo passato, made of the present subjunctive of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Che io abbia studiato Nonostante abbia studiato al liceo, non ho padronanza del latino. Though I studied at the liceo, I do not have mastery of Latin. Che tu abbia studiato Che strano! Benchà © tu abbia studiato letteratura moderna, non hai mai letto Verga. How strange! Though you studied modern literature, you have not read Verga. Che lui, lei, Lei abbia studiato Penso che Franco abbia studiato la soluzione al problema. I think that Franco has studied the solution to the problem. Che noi abbiamo studiato Temo che non abbiamo studiato per l'esame. I fear that we have not studied for the exam. Che voi abbiate studiato Spero che quando avete parlato con la mamma abbiate studiato le vostre parole. I hope that when you spoke with Mom you measured your words. Che loro, Loro abbiano studiato Sono sicura che gli studenti abbiano studiato il nuovo professore. I am sure that the students studied the new professor. Congiuntivo Trapassato: Past Perfect Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo trapassato, made of the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the past participle. Note the variety of tenses in the main clause. Che io avessi studiato Il professore pensava che avessi studiato al liceo. The teacher thought I had studied at the liceo. Che tu avessi studiato Avrei voluto che tu avessi studiato letteratura moderna. I wish that you had studied modern literature. Che lui, lei, Lei avesse studiato Speravo che Franco avesse studiato la soluzione al problema ma non ha avuto tempo. I hoped that Franco had studied the solution to the problem, but he didn't have the time. Che noi avessimo studiato Il professore aveva sperato che avessimo studiato per l'esame. The professor had hoped that we had studied for the exam. Che voi aveste studiato Speravo che aveste studiato le vostre parole. A quanto pare, no. I hoped that you had measured your words. Apparently not. Che loro, Loro avessero studiato Il preside non era felice che gli studenti avessero studiato il nuovo professore cosà ¬ sfacciatamente. The principal was not happy that the students had studied the new professor so brazenly. Condizionale Presente: Present Conditional A regular condizionale presente. Io studierei Studierei al liceo se volessi fare l'università  . I would study at the liceo if I wanted to go to university. Tu studieresti Studieresti letteratura moderna se non volessi fare il dottore. You would study modern literature if you did not want to become a doctor. Lui, lei, Lei studierebbe Franco studierebbe la soluzione al problema se avesse il tempo. Franco would study the solution to the problem if he had the time. Noi studieremmo Noi studieremmo per l'esame se avessimo la voglia. We would study for the exam if we felt like it. Voi studiereste Voi studiereste le vostre parole se non foste cosà ¬ maleducati. You would measure your words if you were not so rude. Loro, Loro studierebbero Gli studenti non studierebbero il nuovo professore se non fossero sfrontati. The students would not study the new professor if they were not so brazen. Condizionale Passato: Past Conditional The condizionale passato, made of the present conditional of the auxiliary and the participio passato. Io avrei studiato Avrei studiato al liceo se avessi avuto voglia di studiare. I would have studied at the liceo had I felt like studying. Tu avresti studiato Tu avresti studiato letteratura moderna se non avessi voluto fare il dottore. You would have studied modern literature if you had not wanted to become a doctor. Lui, lei, Lei avrebbe studiato Franco avrebbe studiato la soluzione al problema se avesse avuto il tempo. Franco would have studied the solution to the problem had he had the time. Noi avremmo studiato Noi non avremmo studiato tanto per l'esame se non avessimo avuto paura di bocciare. We wouldn't have studied so much for the exam had we not feared flunking. Voi avreste studiato Voi non avreste studiato le vostre parole se non ci fosse stato il nonno. You would not have measured your words had Grandfather not been there. Loro, Loro avrebbero studiato Gli studenti non avrebbero studiato il professore nuovo cosà ¬ sfacciatamente se non fossero maleducati. The students would not have studied the new teacher so brazenly had they not been so rude. Imperativo: Imperative Tu studia Studia! Study! Noi studiamo Studiamo, dai! C'mon, let's study! Voi studiate Studiate, subito! Study, immediately! Infinito Presente Passato: Present Past Infinitive Remember that the infinito can serve as a noun, too. Studiare 1. Ci mise un anno a studiare per l'esame. 2. Studiare fa bene. 1. It took him a year to study for the exam. 2. Studying is good for us. Aver studiato Dopo aver studiato un anno, dette l'esame. After having studied a year, he took the exam. Participio Presente Passato: Present Past Participle The participio presente, studiante (one who studies), is not often used. Studiante La scuola era piena di studianti. The school was full of students. Studiato Ha un comportamento molto studiato. He has a very studied behavior. Gerundio Presente Passato: Present Past Gerund Studiando Studiando sempre, sono riuscita a passare l'esame. I was able to pass the exam by studying all the time. Avendo studiato Avendo studiato molto per un mese, ero molto stanca. Having studied a lot for a month, I was very tired.